![]() ![]() This new version of the test (12 clips, LHP12) showed acceptable psychometric properties. (2011) were used to validate the new test. The Lithuanian Hazard Perception test HPT-LIT featuring static images (Tūskė et al., 2019) and Hazard Perception Questionnaire developed by White et al. On further inspection the overall group difference was driven by 12 clips. The overall score of the test was higher for experienced drivers when compared with novices. Initially, 25 naturalistic clips were included and edited into a hazard prediction test following the “what happens next?” paradigm. Eighty-eight drivers participated in the study. The purpose of the current research is to develop and validate a new video-based hazard prediction test for the Lithuanian driving context. To this end, a small number of countries have developed a national hazard perception test for their licensing procedures. Scholars suggest that improving hazard perception (HP) skills among different road users can lead to safer driving. Some implications for driver training and license testing are suggested. Results are discussed in terms of how experience-related differences in drivers’ cognitive schemata and mental models are likely to affect hazard perception and crash risk, particularly at night. Comments tended to be fewer with higher vehicle speeds, particularly for the least experienced drivers. ![]() They also commented significantly more on hazards related to tight bends in the road and significantly less on hazards concerning compliance with rules. Content analysis of responses showed that more experienced drivers reported visibility-related hazards significantly more often than inexperienced ones, and significantly more so at night. They viewed 14 day- and night-time video clips of a diverse range of driving situations, pausing the video whenever they identified a hazard and then explaining why they had paused it at that point. The 53 participants ranged in driving experience from learners through to 5+years post licensing, and in age from 16 to 30 years. Analysis focused on how experience level affected qualitative differences in the kinds of hazards reported, with particular focus on day-night differences. Hazards were not pre-identified by researchers participants were simply provided with a general definition of ‘hazard’. This exploratory study investigated the nature of hazards reported by young inexperienced drivers versus more experienced and slightly older drivers. Poor hazard perception has been identified as an important contributor to inexperienced drivers’ risk, but research on day-night differences in hazard perception for drivers varying in experience is lacking. Young novice drivers have a relatively high crash risk for several years following initial licensing, and while all drivers are at greater risk at night, the night-time increase is greater for inexperienced drivers. The natural driving videos and test in the study may hold promise for future practical applications, and the implications for road safety are discussed. This newly-developed test exhibits acceptable reliability and validity and can be used as an effective tool to measure the hazard prediction abilities of cyclists with different ages and levels of experience in China. More importantly, crash-involved cyclists receiving lower scores with respect to their ability to identify and predict hazards than noncrash-involved cyclists, thus indicating that the discriminant validity of the test was acceptable. Experienced cyclists are better able to identify and predict hazards than are cyclists with less experience, and adult cyclists have better hazard prediction abilities than child cyclists. The final test contained 21 video clips and the internal consistency reliabilities of the three questions were satisfactory. The differences in test scores between cyclists with high and low levels of experience, cyclists of different ages, and crash-involved and noncrash-involved cyclists were compared to examine the validity of the test. ![]() After the video clip displayed a black screen, participants were asked to answer the following questions: "What is the hazard?" (question 1), "Where is the hazard?" (question 2), and "What happens next?" (question 3). The experiment presented 44 video clips filmed from cyclists' perspectives to 61 children aged 13-16 years and 119 adults aged 18-30 years. This study attempted to develop a hazard prediction test for cyclists. However, due to a lack of valid instruments, studies concerning the hazard predictions and crashes of cyclists in China remain limited. Hazard perception is the ability to sense the road environment and predict and respond to the upcoming dangerous events, and this factor is closely related to cyclists' crash involvement. ![]()
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